The Roles Of Ict In The Government Information Technology Essay

The Roles Of Ict In The Government Information Technology Essay ICT stands for information and communications technology, ICT mainly focuses on the role of communication that includes phone lines and wireless data/signals as well as the ability to control information including hardware for computers and networks and software. Throughout this essay, the way in which ICT has affected and continues to become of high importance to the United kingdoms Government will be explored, the main areas that will be conducted in this research are the Government ICT strategy, greening government ICT, how the internet is transforming the UK Economy, a selected number of Government departments and how ICT is important to their daily use and finally an end conclusion highlighting the importance of ICT development in the UK government. Government ICT strategy In October 2005, the first government ICT strategy was released setting the schedule for the ICT public sector (organisations funded by the government) towards the next five years. Its main aim was to focus on the areas that could enable transformed service delivery, putting the citizen at the heart of what we do, shared services and professionalising IT-enabled business change (Cabinet Office 2010 [URL] Date Accessed 02/11/10). Five years later, after reviewing yearly reports and employing a new Government chief information officer a new strategy was released. Its approach has been adapted to fit the current economic climate in which the nation is in transforming services against a backdrop of economic pressure change (Cabinet Office 2010 [URL] Date Accessed 02/11/10). The new strategy will now make possible an ICT infrastructure that will solve many problems across the board which the Government faces. It also encourages the development of delivery being increased via the public, private and third party sectors in order to meet the needs and requirements. In 1994 www.direct.gov.uk formally known as www.open.gov.uk was announced to hold all websites and links to government and agency websites, with all the increased pressure to deliver higher and better public services, expectations had never been higher due to the potential of better services that was unforeseen when the website was first published. However, with the increased prospect of technology, expectations have changed and so have demands which has enabled the government to make it easier to handle their day to day business and help those in need of support, talktofrank.com was set up to assist and explain the dangers of drugs and notschool.net was set up for those children excluded from school. On the other hand Denis McCauley, Global Technology Research Director at the Economist Intelligence Unit, believes the government can do more recognizing that although it does well in terms of its internet website, its popularity is decreasing rapidly and he thinks that even more can be done in terms of using information technology. Although the United Kingdoms Government is not solely to thanks for its success in its public sector ICT use, it reaches the top spot when compared to the rest of Europe, as its citizen-based services are 100% online compared with the average 71% that Europe has. Since the turn of the century the UK was the first Government to even start to allow its citizen-based service online taken approximately four years till Europes average came became public. Turning Government ICT green Since the governments increased use of ICT from owning some of the largest and most power fullest computers and public servants using their desktop computers at a higher rate than expected, be it from issuing tax disks to people across the country to saving x-rays on file. The Government is the countries largest purchaser of ICT equipment, and use a large amount of power and resources. They have decided to set an example amongst the nation and turn green, as they want the disposal of monitors, printers, computers and servers to happen in a sustainable and responsible way. To start the Governments reduction of carbon emissions another strategy has been created called the greening government strategy. According to the cabinet offices brochure on becoming green by turning just one computer off will save 235kg of carbon dioxide emissions a year. By turning off every one of Whitehalls 500,000 computers at night would have the same effect as taking 40,000 cars off the road. How the Internet has transformed the United kingdoms Economy Moving away from the strategies recently formed for ICT, this essay will now review how the Internet has affected and transformed the UK Economy. The Internet has largely influenced societies in the United Kingdom with a majority of them having easy access to it, many modern phones now come with the capability to do such thing. Websites such as ebay.co.uk and amazon.co.uk have increased the populations spending habits, which further down the line companies pay tax, which turns back into the government. In 2009 the Internet contributed to 7.2 per cent of GDP in Britain, an estimated  £100 billion making it larger than the countries transportation, construction or utilities industry. Whilst the large growth in Internet activity has increased it has disrupted many businesses but has had a positive effect on the medium and smaller based businesses that sell anything from clothes to computer games with research showing that the United Kingdoms economy is likely to increase by up to 15 p er cent via the Internet. Government organisations and their use of ICT Now this essay will look at a number of government organisations and the importance that ICT plays in them. -Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) To begin with The Department of Work and pensions (DWP) pays money into millions of peoples accounts across the nation, from people on benefits to elderly people receiving their pension, its use of ICT is on a large-scale basis and as a whole plays a major role in the social sector of todays lifestyle. ICT is a positive use in the DWP as it allows a quicker way of handling information and delivering an output service due to the large memory servers they have. However errors still occur in which the government loses millions at a time and because of this have called for an urgent change in the way their ICT strategy is changed -Ministry of Defence The Ministry of Defences (MoD) role is to protect the nation against any potential threat internally and externally, its team highlights dangers through many methods that involve ICT such as listening in on phone calls or checking the internet for major threats. Its ICT role again is very important to how its run due to keeping in contact with other global agencies to keep informed about terrorism strikes, it also informs local media in order to get information broadcasted across the UK. Another use of ICT within the MoD is to ensure military standards are kept high as well as the environment. Again by using the Website they allow people to view the procedures and information of the MoD, which encourages responsibility. -Driver and vehicle Licensing Agency DVLA The use of computers in the DVLA is very important, as they have to produce tax certificates as well as driving licenses and number plate registration forms in their large memory banks. Conclusion Concluding the report, ICT is probably one of the most important aspects of the governments way in terms of running its whole organisation, due to this it is hard to find any faults into the way they are actually sustaining their ICT, the only weak point is due to the fact that their website is not as popular as it was before however it still provides the information that you look for as well as email addresses and phone numbers if you need more help. With the Government also turning green they have taken another positive step in terms of being leaders and hopefully turning it in to a national thing; they have started to release television adverts and produce leaflets to spread the word. http://www.parliamentandinternet.org.uk/uploads/Final_report.pdf http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/66177/greening_government_ict.pdf http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/317444/ict_strategy4.pdf http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/anger-as-uks-carbon-dioxide-emissions-reach-10year-high-442496.html http://www.publictechnology.net/sector/central-gov/martin-read-and-three-little-words-ict-pain http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/anger-as-uks-carbon-dioxide-emissions-reach-10year-high-442496.html

Japanese Management Essay

In the early 1980s, William Ouchi asserted in the U.S. soil the significance of Theory Z (1981), a Japanese management style that includes communal relationship in organizations and strong trust bonds as a more effective way to handle business as evidenced by the success of Japanese corporations.   This has made the interest and appreciation for the Japanese style of management and practices grow for the last twenty years, especially those successful Japanese companies who used unusual approaches (Lee and McCalman, 2008). For Japanese firms, the development of good relationship is a primordial interest. A Japanese firm may refuse to deal with another and ink a partnership regardless of the possible profits it may gain from the venture. The drive to develop a good relationship is primarily due to the very important principle called â€Å"tsuikiai† (socialization) (Lee and McCalman, 2008). Peer-to-peer relationship is more essential than relationship between levels as the Japanese believe that an organization draws strength from the former rather than from the latter. Hence, for American managers, it is only normal to assess their subordinates based on certain criteria. On the contrary, Japanese organizations tend to assess their employees based on their ability to work with their colleagues (Byham, 1993). Japanese managers get good evaluations if their subordinates can work well with each other. As such, Japanese firms give more emphasis on the ability of the employees to work with other employe es and not much on their performance. This is due to their belief that as long as a good relationship is established within the organization, the organization can handle other matters effectively (Lee and McCalman, 2008). For the Japanese, good relationships can be developed through the following: 1) After work dining & drinking session As previously mentioned, the principle of tsuikiai or socialization allow the Japanese to continue to incorporate good relationships as part of their corporate management style. Apparently, this can be seen in their popular practice of usually having dinner and drinking sessions amongst employees after office hours (Lee and McCalman, 2008). This is also the idea of the â€Å"communication plaza concept† wherein the executives meet their employees informally to have lunch or dinner and at the same time to listen to each other   (Otsubo, 1993). Through such engagements, employees have the chance to be more familiar with each other away from the four corners of their business premises. This positively affects the connections among the employees. This enables the Japanese organizations to create a warm and communal workplace where employees feel that they can communicate freely with everyone (Sullivan, 1992). Such practice is not the same with Americans where the latter would pr efer to   maintain the division between their personal and work life. According to Arenson (1993), the connection between U.S. workers and their companies are created by written contracts and the compensation that the companies renumerate to their employees. This complimented the observation rendered by   Rehder (1979) that Japanese managers treat their subordinates like their family members while western managers’ relationships with their subordinates are through contracts which makes the relationship depersonalized.   This is contrary to the belief of Japanese workers that they are obligated to the company they are working for because of the close relationship and bond that they have with their company and this creates mutual trust between the employees and the company. They likewise have a sense of shared focus to reach the goals of the organization. This management theory has been one of the core values of Honda from 1980s when they first established their operations in the United States and this was adopted by Nissan, Mazda and Toyota ( Sullivan, 1992). 2) Quite often meetings rather than electronic or paper work Americans would prefer to have everything first on paper before they can act on a project. Whereas Japanese prefer to do meetings rather than convey their messages through e-mails or doing paper works primarily as they despise memos and paper work (Arenson, 1993). According to Lee and McCalman (2008), it is through meetings that the workers would begin to know each other and determine the things that need to be done. This is most applicable in cases where there are no contracts or written documents involved and through meetings, the employees are able to worke on matters they need to attend to (Lee and McCalman, 2008). 3) Informal arranged agreements vs. legal agreements Before an American company would deal with another enterprise, it is not needed that the two companies develop a good relationship. It does not matter if a company would deal with a competitor provided that the two companies would gain mutual benefit. As a sense of security, American companies need to employ countless lawyers and execute numerous contracts before setting matters off. As a pre-requisite, everything needs to be laid out on paper before anything is started (Lee and McCalman, 2008). The mentality in America is that everything is governed by laws to make sure that people involved know what is set on the line (Arenson, 1993). It is ordinary for companies to deal with strangers and just develop a relationship during their venture (Lee and McCalman, 2008). This is not the case for Japanese companies as they require developing personal relationships before they transact with other business entities. This is because of their belief that it is important that a trusting relationship between two companies is developed before considering to have business venture   (Lee and McCalman, 2008). In Japan, there is less dependence on the laws and rather, more premium is placed in developing a trusting relationship before going into a business transaction. Unlike Americans that prefer to settle everything in a legal way or execute contracts first, Japanese are known to have healthy disdain for lawyers and legal or written actions. And unlike the Americans that would employ lawyers and execute contracts before the transaction, Japanese dislike being forced to deal just because of the contracts and in the process may just ignore some provisions thereto. They believe that the situations will have changed after signing the contract (Lee and McCalman, 2008). In fact, the two countries have a big difference in the number of lawyers as in the United States, there are over 800,000 lawyers as compared to Japan that has 15,000 lawyers only (Arenson, 1993). Moreover, Japanese would prefer to spend more time interacting with their potential customer or supplier before they would commit themselves   (Otsubo, 1993). 4) Networking- personal contacts Japan depends on networking as their society is very much a relationship-oriented one. Japanese would get things done though their personal contacts. For them, a man’s success or failure could be directly affected by their connections that he or she has developed over the years. In fact, a newly graduated Japanese would almost depend exclusively on his or her connections through university or from personal connections to land a job. That is why there is a high probability that the company recruiters would hire applicants coming from the same university as theirs because of the special connection that is existing between the recruiters and the university faculty and staff. This is what Japanese called â€Å"jinmyaku† or the web of human beings. Any internal or external undertaking to the company is accomplished through personal contacts (Lee and McCalman, 2008). It is then ordinary for an employee to develop extensive personal network within and outside the organization to protect his or her success rate especially that a person’s capability depends also on the extensiveness of the networks he or she may have   (Kase and Liu, 1996). Such mentality may affect the attitudes of the Japanese of not working with strangers. Through developing personal contacts takes time, once the networks have been created, everything is much easier as there is not much paperwork and lawyers involved. This principle makes it more difficult for foreign companies to penetrate Japan (Lee and McCalman, 2008). Japanese organizations would prefer hiring somebody who has a connection thereto because hiring a new employee is like welcoming a lifelong member of the corporate family. An individual applying for a position in a company by reason of an advertisement is considered a total stranger. As such, there is a possibility that Japanese companies may look after the personal attributes of an applicant rather than his or her technical attributes (Lee and McCalman, 2008).   It is very vital for an organization to ensure that the person to be hired is a team player and will blend well within the group. This is in contrast with U.S. companies as they prefer to look at the technical attributes of the applicants and highly rely on grade-point averages and specific credentials or competencies (Lee and McCalman, 2008). Networking works wonders in cases where a manager tries to launch a new project and the project is not really within the expertise of the concerned department, managers that have a w ell-established network within the organization could use their connections to persuade their colleagues to support their projects and also use these connections outside the organization to help make the project successful (Kase and Liu, 1996). Japanese manufacturing companies were able to capitalize in their personalized networking system that they were able to establish when they internationalized their operations during the late 1970s and 1980s. The personalized networks developed between their head offices and subsidiaries made the flow of the information run smoothly and eventually positively affect the efficiency of the companies (Kase and Liu, 1996). Moreover, Japanese companies establish personal networking with other Japanese companies in other countries (Yu and Ohle, 2008) for their advantage. 5) Teaming up in everything they do One of the major difference between Japanese management and Western management is that the structure of the organization is loose or poorly defined whereas the structure of the organization of the western management is tight or the specific functions are associated with specific boxes (Rehder, 1979). Teaming is a very important aspect in the management of a project. That is why the composition of teams that will handle organizational projects are carefully selected (Lee and McCalman, 2008). Even in creating an organizational project, the composition of the team that will develop and plan the concerned project is carefully assembled from the different departments of the organization (Gray and Larson, 2003). And up to the time that the organizational project is already running after the planning stage, there are still some times that the personnel from the planning stage will coordinate with the functional managers and project managers of the actual operation of the project (Gray and Larson, 2003). As Japanese companies or the Japanese culture itself has high regard on the â€Å"web of human beings†, it is part of the establishment of trust within the team to develop close personal relationship among the team members. The trust created by the â€Å"tsuikiai† plays an important role in the accomplishment of the interconnected tasks of the team members. A high level of trust is necessary for the accomplishment and implementation of the various tasks that the manager is leading (Kezner, 2000). Every meticulous aspect of the project requires the highest level of cooperation and team work among the players performing the tasks. That is why it is the responsibility of the project manager to build and maintain a high level of trust within the team to ensure the successful operation of a project throughout its course (Kezner, 2000). This is where the American employees of some Japanese companies are impressed with how every Japanese members of the team would persist to wo rk together to collect and discuss data gathered and develop ways to respond to different situations and improve their performance (Sullivan, 1992). Another thing that shows the Japanese persistence to teaming up is their decision-making system, or also known as â€Å"ringi† or decision by consensus system. This enables the employees to be motivated to work together.   The term ringi actually came from two words: ‘ri’, which means to ask from below and ‘gi’ which means to deliberate (Ichiro, 1977). By the Japanese decision-making systems, the organization initially debates on the meaning of a certain question and determines its possible solutions until consensus if finally reached. The process of the decision making and even the initiation of the process are participated in by all levels of the organization, whether the process be a verbal or written one (Naotsuka, 1978). This is because the Japanese have a view that it is important to first debate the problem or the question to achieve full comprehension in its general corporate-wide perspective, after which is to establish a consensus to preve nt groups from taking sides on one solution or another hastily. In such case, clash between the prevailing and losing groups is prevented because conflicts will only weaken the implementation of the favored solution. This normative process is called by the Japanese as â€Å"nemawashi† (Naotsuka, 1978).

Details of Essay Samples of David and Goliath

Details of Essay Samples of David and Goliath Courage is hardly something that you currently have that makes you brave when the challenging times start. Ivan Arreguin-Toft analysed every one of the wars over the previous 200 decades. You should make X amount of cars annually as a way to be an efficient producer. The easiest approach in order to have the ability to compose any dissertation month 7 Any allopathic archipelago about Sargent, a person's bevelling sforzando. The Basic Facts of Essay Samples of David and Goliath The two of these descriptions paint an image of an invincible man. Therefore it's a combination of the reduce style and a formal literary style. They represent lots of the manners and techniques utilised in the Renaissance. It's presented in two distinct versions, each containing a different portion of the identical story. 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Ghiberti chose to use the gold high spots to provide the panels a cherished coating. Ghiberti knew how to use the vanishing point and might pull strings it to provide each panel a particular position of the scene. How to Find Essay Samples of David and Goliath Because Goliath was so large and strong. In reality, Goliath wasn't necessarily so strong. Goliath would need to be incredibly stupid together with weak. Goliath wasn't the just one of his kind. This is the reason I've learned to delight in the research facet of schooling. Learning how to comprehend whenever your disadvantage is an advantage and not a disadvantage can be challenging. Theref ore, their disadvantage is that they're smaller than the bigger organization, but the simple fact that they're smaller can also work in their favor and be an immense advantage. For many people it's only a grave disadvantage. Additionally, it has raised the interests of historians to determine whether the story can be proven. This might help explain the sculpture's popularity within this region. The timeless tale of Israel helps to implement those particular concepts in the current life to attain the purpose of the success in various facets of life. Small businesses are somewhat more nimble in comparison with their giant opponents.

Shaping Ideas For The Market - 1563 Words

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I personally believe this application will make customers life easier as they can plan their day accordingly and saving time as you can find all the services you may require in one handy application instead of searching the internet or yellow pages and having to call numerous places which I believe to be inconvenient for the customer. I have carried out market research and there is a demand and a need for this type of app as shown by customer feedback. In todays society we place emphasis on time,quality,service, and cost. This app will help to fill a gap in the market and further enhance customer experience and help small businesses to draw in customers which they couldShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management of Technological Innovation1157 Words   |  5 PagesInnovation. London: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. In this study, Innovation is the process of exploiting new ideas that that will lead to creation of new products or services. 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Culture Is An Essential Part Of Our Life - 1385 Words

What you do is a part of culture, indeed everything you do comes from your cultural inheritance. Mark Pagel, who is the author of the book Wired for Culture explains the evolution of humans and what makes us different from rest of the animals. Culture is an essential part of our life; however, culture is not something most people refer to as a source of evolvement. It is fascinating how we follow cultural system everyday to live and adapt into new societies. We are born with a culture which is being inserted in us from our birth, whether it is from our parents or guardians. Mark Pagel explains his idea of how culture has allowed us â€Å"to transmit knowledge down to the generations† which is why we are different from animals who have close†¦show more content†¦Culture teaches us how to adapt, behave, live and so on. In the book Wired for Culture, Pagel explains that culture has a great hand in human evolution as suppose to genes. Culture has taken some steps forward towards our evolvement where then â€Å". . people worked together, customs and systems of beliefs arose, ideas, skills, and technologies were shared, language evolved and dance, music and art appeared.† (1 and 2). Our identity lies in the heart of our culture. An individual’s uniqueness comes from his/her culture and gives one the potential to fit in communities with different people and their different cultural background. The heirloom of cultures is significant to what makes us who we are today. It gives us the sense of background we belong in and the language, traditions, behavior, symbols we practice. For example, we Tibetans have lost our land; however, we still have our culture which is being inherited down to generations to generations. The inheritance of culture keeps Tibetans alive in the world. We have language, symbols, arts, traditions, values, beliefs, norms and everything an individual needs to survive. If it were not for our culture, then there would not be a possibility of proving that Tibetans are different from Chinese or any other Asian countries. The Tibetan culture has given me an identification of being different from other cultures and having my own cultural backg round. Culture should never be

Building a Supportive Vocabulary Learning Environment Free Essays

To every learning curriculum, it is a fundamental requirement to provide a sustainably befitting environment at the background to ease the flow of assimilation and aid the mission accomplishment of a prolific study. Without an enabling environment, the efficiency of the learning result is significantly reduced. Though avoidable, many unrefined teachers still take with levity, the necessity of creating an environmental aura that permeates the mind of learners involved towards creating a smooth psychological linkage to understanding the vocabulary lesson (Diller Karl, 1978). We will write a custom essay sample on Building a Supportive Vocabulary Learning Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Supportive Tools  Firstly, we design a befitting structural arrangement that reflects some basic expectations concerning the vocabulary to be studied, the choice of which ranks common in preference of usage (Foss Lenzini, 1999). The pictorial representation (e. g. on the wall) enables learners to access unrestricted support; demonstrating how tongue or the entire â€Å"buccal† cavity (mouth) is expected to be positioned while a particular sound is being pronounced. The pictorial representation should equally demonstrate practical situations where each word is most appropriately in day-to-day events. In buttressing the importance of this structural or pictorial design as a supportive learning tool, researches have shown that new vocabularies are best understood by exerting a subconscious effort sequel to the first pronunciation exposure in class (Holden, et al. , 1998). The sub-consciousness is characterized with the absence of stress, sensual tension or urgency demand to study within a restricted period. The presence of pressure brings a sense of active competition among other colleagues in class. The slow learners, the average and the fast learners are the three classes of learners that must have their interest managed on the overall while determining the contextual modalities of supportive environments to be considered (Foss Lenzini, 1999). Moreover, it is of importance to recognize the use of student-to-student interactive class session in learning foreign vocabulary. This creates an enabling environment where learners can share and gain views from one another. This in a great sense, is a complementary learning tool to teachers own method. The teacher here, logically listen and gain from diverse ways of interaction that exist in this session of students’ group discussion. The specific style of teaching to adopt will be gotten from preponderances of events as they unfold (James L. B. , 2001) One-to-many Learning Support Scheme In this scheme, each learner on rotation is given an assignment to present a topic to other co-learners in class. Preferentially, suggestion of a multi-media projection could aid teaching. Here comes a research among students in science class, a class of 50 students was given an assignment to treat 10 topics within a course. The modality involved allotment of a topic to a group of 5 students within which they are equally expected to further divide the topic into sub-headings. Other remaining 45 students follow suit in their respective groupings. The examination result for this method of teaching was taken for over a period of 5 years, with the mean and mode recorded. The result showed a wide grade-gap between the first three best students and other members of the class. The mean was high but students within this range were found scanty (James L. Barker lecture, 2001). One-to-many learning scheme shows that the method could only help the confident students to perform even better at the expense of other colleagues. The other group members does belong to the same class but perhaps, limiting study to what they actually present and not bordering to probe other students’ presentation to perfect understanding from the first exposure in class. Participative/Interactive Class Session Another proposed scheme suggests a modality where members of the class have no formal presentation for others to listen. But rather, everyone prepares for the task ahead of the class and involve in a general discuss. All opinions are accommodated by the supervision of a tutor in charge. In furtherance to the earlier research for another five years, findings were taken from another set of 50 students with different learning environmental supportive modality. In this scheme, no student is expected to teach the other colleague but rather each student contributes one after the other to the pending discussion on the vocabulary lesson. In this way, the teacher set the ball rolling by introducing the topic and secondly in guiding against shifting of focus to irrelevancies. The reciprocal interactions give a supportive environment that deposit in each student a personal sense of meeting the huge challenge to perform up to expectations among peers (Kinsella, K. , 1995). The result of the later five years shows students having a higher mean gradient. The mode was slightly reduced, an indication pointing that only minority members of the class understand on the average with one-to-many learning support. Conclusion When discussing vocabulary skills, some basic essentialities are necessary; a listening, speaking, reading and writing acts. Other recently identified skills include description, narrating and summarizing skills among others. All supportive environments must focus on ensuring these necessities. Having an enabling environment in assisting the students reading culture is most important especially when learning an unfamiliar vocabulary, hence, the derivative of interactive study guide is just a perfect one to make learners actively involved. Findings had also shown that students usually get frustrated over time if encouragement and assistance are not near. Conclusively, teacher could equally assist in instilling the culture of reading; this is the strongest individual tool. References Diller, Karl Conrad (1978). The Language Teaching Controversy. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House. Foss, C. R. , P. , Lenzini, J. J. (1999). Textual and pictorial glosses: Effectiveness on incidental vocabulary growth when reading in a foreign language. Foreign Language Annals, 32 (1), 89-113. Holden, Susan; Mickey Rodgers (1998). English language teaching. Mexico City: DELTI. James L. Barker lecture on November 8th 2001 at Brigham Young University. Kinsella, K. (1995). Understanding and empowering diverse learners in ESL classroom. In M. J. Reid (Ed. ), Learning styles in the ESL/EFL classroom (pp. 70-86). Boston, MA: Heinle Heinle Publishers. Koda, K. (1997). Orthographic knowledge in L2 lexical processing: A cross-linguistic perspective. In J. Coady T. Huckins (Eds. ), Second language vocabulary acquisition (pp. 35-52). New York: Cambridge Universit How to cite Building a Supportive Vocabulary Learning Environment, Essays

Quality and Safety in Health Care for Diagnostic- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theQuality and Safety in Health Care for Patient Diagnostic. Answer: Introduction This is simply defined as an error that occurs when healthcare provider gets the wrong diagnosis. There are instances when this error is not too high whereas other instance very serious (Singh et al., 2013). The diagnostic error can cause major losses like death and sometimes result in total disability. There is a need of collaboration between community mental health service providers and inpatient hospital services providers in offering the most effective service to the patients. At times they will need to involve patients themselves in their day to day treatment to achieve the desired result (Walsh, J., Boyle, 2009). This paper will be focusing on the types of diagnostic errors, factors causing diagnostic errors, measures to reduce these errors by using the literature available and the percentage of people affected. Impatient services are services given to the patient by the hospital directed by the health care professional with a purpose to care and offer treatment of disorders and other diseases (Absulem Hardin, 2010). They include bed and board/hospital facilities, medical social services, therapeutic and counseling services, medical/surgical services and services offered by private-duty nurse or attendant (Chare et al., 2014). Community mental health services is defined as services provided by the government organizations and mental health professionals providing service to a certain selected geographical area. Community mental health services can also be a provision of private or charity organizations. Community mental health services is not limited to it and can also offer day centers, local primary care medical services, supported housing, community mental health centers, and self-help groups for mental health (Sue et al., 1991). There are advantages that accrue from applying community based services for the mental health and the include helping in assessment of needs for particular services and assist in determining where the facilities can sit through use of population indicators (Jorm, 2012). The other benefit may include helping to reverse the trend that forced the patients to be deported from their homes and local areas as formerly happened where institution were meant for very large catchment. And also it provides with a platform at which general adults mental health can be determined. Types of diagnostic errors in medicine The wrong diagnosis also known as misdiagnosis occurs when a doctor identifies the wrong illness in a patient. For instance, a doctor could diagnose a patient with HIV/AIDs when the patient is HIV/AIDs free (Singh, et al., 2013). Missed diagnosis is another diagnostic error and is a situation where a doctor gives a clean bill of health whereas the patient is, in fact, ill. The other error is Delayed misdiagnosis which is very common in diagnostic errors and happens where the doctor identifies the right illness but after a long time (Bradford et al., 2009). Failure to diagnose an unrelated disease is the other case and is where a doctor will identify a disease and fail to diagnose unrelated illness. Failure to diagnose a related disease is also experienced and this is where the doctor identifies the right disease or illness but fails to diagnose the secondly related disease which could be the cause of the other disease or result from it. The magnitude of diagnostic error It is the goal of medical practitioners in both community and hospitals to provide the best treatments to the patients whenever they are unwell through safe and high-quality care, but at times people, unfortunately, get harmed. A lot has been done and continues to be done to understand this global challenge (unsafe health care) causes implications and how to fix it. According to a study that was done in a high- income country, it was found that a 5% of adults who are in outpatient settings experience diagnostic errors, half of which had very serious harm. It is shown that common diagnostic errors were found in patients with acute renal failure 5%, pneumonia 7%, Cancer 5%, decompensate congestive heart failure 5% and urinary tract infection at 5%. Children are at the greatest risks of misdiagnosis since the only few amounts of research in existence is nearly limited to adults patients. There are over 12 million Americans who suffer and experience misdiagnosis and it is estimated that almost everyone will experience misdiagnosis in their lifetime, some of which would result in high consequences. This is in accordance with a 2014 based study. It was found that one out of 20 outpatients had either been given the wrong information on the cause of their illness, treated for diseases they did not have or experienced delayed treatment. Unlike healthy adults who can tell when they are sick, children have bigger challenges telling when they are sick or what they are feeling. There is also an issue of incorrect prescription which results from poor handwriting, confusion of drugs with similar names, inappropriate abbreviations, misuse of decimal points, zeros etc. In the U.S alone, a 1999 report published by the Institute of Medicine termed To Err Is Human shocked communities of medical practitioners by reporting that 98,000 people die as a result of mistakes in hospitals. A number of medical practitioners opposed the report but now they are accepting it gradually (Sue et al., 1991). The leading type of paid medical malpractices claims is diagnostic errors and it is nearly double in the deaths of individuals in comparison to other claims. At times harm does not occur as a result of diagnostic errors especially when the patients symptoms resolve even with the wrong diagnosis. However, errors can cause harm because of delayed appropriate treatment, treatment of wrong illness, prevent appropriate treatment, and on many occasions resulting in the psychological and financial burden. Diagnostic errors There is no single formula applicable and that can reduce the diagnostic errors and achieved the desired changes. Multiple steps to improve the mess have to be sought and require significant commitment according to a committees conclusion. Factors causing diagnostic errors Patients failure to provide accurate medical history, or family failing to clearly provide a history of a patient with cognitive dysfunction. Lack of knowledge to seek urgent care from health providers. Inaccurate physician examination of the problem. Health care providers lack of knowledge of the relevant condition, among others. Lack of adequate communication and collaboration between clinicians, patients as well as their families. Poor design of health care system that supports diagnostic process. Some cultures that discourage transparency and disclosure of diagnostic errors which helps this diagnostic errors to continue Minimizing the patient safety problem The committee came to several conclusions one being a requirement for urgent changes to address the issue of diagnostic error, which is a major challenge in quality health care. Unacceptable numbers of patients of both common and rare diseases continue to suffer from the persistence of diagnostic errors in all sectors, and there is little attention paid on research or health care practice, to the occurrence of diagnostic errors. If this persists every person will have to experience a diagnostic error at least once in their lifetime (McFadden, Henagan, Gowen, 2009). A recent study estimates that adults who seek outpatient services in the U.S, 5% of them have been wrongly diagnosed. 10% of patients deaths according to the researchers Postmortem examination indicate that they are contributed by diagnostic error (Ely, Graber, Croskerry, 2011). Second, Healthcare profession should involve patients and also their families to in educating them on the probable causes of diagnostic error an d the possible ways of improving diagnostic process. This is because patient and their families have the right information on the diagnostic history (Naidu, 2009). Third, Intra and inter-professional collaboration where diagnostic process depending on the patient health problem, various types of healthcare professional can be involved, such as primary care clinicians, nurses, technocrats, therapists, social workers etc. (Vyas et al., 2012).The committee observed that the major contributors to medical errors are inadequate teamwork and communication .Fourth, the use of health information technology (health IT) will help credible diagnostic testing result. Giving patients an opportunity of learning the process of diagnosis as well as creating a chance for patients family inclusion in efforts to improve the process by learning of unexpected outcome was also largely proposed. Patient-centere perspective. It is of great importance to consider diagnostic process as a patient centered perspective because it is the patient who is bears the risk of diagnostic related harm (Shumba, Atukunda, Memiah, 2013). Therefore recognizing patients as the important partners in the diagnostic process and health care system should be unavoidable and need to be encouraged and support their engagement in facilitation of respectful learning from the process. Criteria and quality indicators for best practices of diagnosis Healthcare professionals should involve patients and also their families to in educating them on the probable causes of diagnostic error and the possible ways of improving diagnostic process (Carman et al., 2013). This is very important because the patient to be specific needs to have the knowledge about the probability of an error occurring during diagnosis processes as well as their families since they are also very important in the future especially if the patient would become psychologically affected. By educating the family and the patient appropriate treatment can be done with both parties satisfied, for instance where surgery and anesthesia would be the issue. Education also helps in care decision making of the family and the patients (Graber, 2009). Educating the family and the patient would help enhance the process of administering drugs by the family or the patient; make them aware of the consequences of both choosing outpatient care or inpatient care and the financial implication involved. Education will also help in follow-up care of the patient to meet ongoing health needs or achieve the desired health goals. Nurse-Patient-Family communication The formation of trust and attitude is the core value of communication between the nurse and the patient relationship. It is important to keep the communication going between the patient and the nurse as a way of further information from the patient (Dunsford, 2009). Sometimes patients statements require that a nurse be very keen as they more subtle in order for them to understand the needs of the patients. Using health information technology (health IT). As many people know doctors handwritings may be confusing which poses a need to use health information technology tools to minimize leadership problems. Use of IT in medical clinics improves the quality of healthcare by; providing accurate patients records, allows the doctor to better understand the patients medical history, prevent doctors from over-prescribing medication which could be fatal, reduce over-reliance on patients memory among another benefit (Goldzweig et al., 2009). In the other hand, the patient will have to benefit from better health care such as safety, effectiveness, education, efficiency, equity etc. The recommendable way health caregivers can make their work simpler is by ensuring that the patient gets the right knowledge on the whole procedure of the diagnosis so as to have trust and help them in getting the right and adequate information Sue et al., 1991) Conclusion As we have seen, every person is likely to experience a diagnostic error in their lifetime if the appropriate action is not taken to fight the mess. Diagnostic error is the leading error in medical associated errors and the highest claims paid for. A recent study of postmortem examination has shown that diagnostic errors contribute 10% of patients deaths around the world. Some causes of the error are patients centered and others are machine centered while others are health care givers centered. There is a need for collaboration and communication between all parties involved to minimize and simplify diagnostic processes. References Absulem, S., Hardin, H. (2010). Home Health Nurses' Perceived Care Errors. Rehabilitation Nursing, 36(3), 98-105. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2048-7940.2011.tb00073.x Bradford, A., Kunik, M. E., Schulz, P., Williams, S. P., Singh, H. (2009). Missed and delayed diagnosis of dementia in primary care: prevalence and contributing factors. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 23(4), 306. Carman, K. L., Dardess, P., Maurer, M., Sofaer, S., Adams, K., Bechtel, C., Sweeney, J. (2013). Patient and family engagement: a framework for understanding the elements and developing interventions and policies. Health Affairs, 32(2), 223-231. Chare, L., Hodges, J. R., Leyton, C. E., McGinley, C., Tan, R. H., Kril, J. J., Halliday, G. M. (2014). New criteria for frontotemporal dementia syndromes: clinical and pathological diagnostic implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 85(8), 865-870. Dunsford, J. (2009). Structured communication: improving patient safety with SBAR. Nursing for women's health, 13(5), 384-390. Ely, J. W., Graber, M. L., Croskerry, P. (2011).Checklists to reduce diagnostic errors.Academic Medicine, 86(3), 307-313. Goldzweig, C. L., Towfigh, A., Maglione, M., Shekelle, P. G. (2009). Costs and benefits of health information technology: new trends from the literature. Health affairs, 28(2), w282-w293. Graber, M. L. (2009). Educational strategies to reduce diagnostic error: can you teach this stuff?. Advances in health sciences education, 14(1), 63-69. Jorm, A. F. (2012). Mental health literacy: empowering the community to take action for better mental health. American Psychologist, 67(3), 231. McFadden, K. L., Henagan, S. C., Gowen III, C. R. (2009). The patient safety chain: Transformational leadership's effect on patient safety culture, initiatives, and outcomes. Journal of Operations Management, 27(5), 390-404. Menachemi, N., Collum, T. H. (2011). Benefits and drawbacks of electronic health record systems. Risk management and healthcare policy, 4, 47. Naidu, A. (2009). Factors affecting patient satisfaction and healthcare quality. International journal of health care quality assurance, 22(4), 366-381. Shumba, C. S., Atukunda, R., Memiah, P. (2013). Patient-centred quality care: An assessment of patient involvement. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 3(2). Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L. T., Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N. W. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 59(4), 533. Vyas, D., McCulloh, R., Dyer, C., Gregory, G., Higbee, D. (2012). An interprofessional course using human patient simulation to teach patient safety and teamwork skills. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 76(4), 71. Walsh, J., Boyle, J. (2009). Improving acute psychiatric hospital services according to inpatient experiences. A user-led piece of research as a means to empowerment. Issues in mental health nursing, 30(1), 31-38.